#### Definition
Conservatism is a cultural, social, and political philosophy that promotes and preserves traditional institutions, customs, and values, such as the nuclear family, organized religion, and the nation-state.
#### Core Principles
- Tradition and hierarchy: Preference for established customs and organic societal structures.
- Human imperfection: Pessimism about radical change, favoring gradual reform.
- Authority and order: Emphasis on law, authority, and hierarchies.
- Property rights: Linked to freedom, defending established hierarchies.
- Transcendent order: Based on tradition or divine revelation.
#### Historical Origins and Development
Emerged in the 18th century as a response to the French Revolution, with Edmund Burke as a key figure. Adapted nationally, dominating in various countries. In the 20th century, it spanned libertarian to authoritarian forms.
#### Key Thinkers or Figures
- Edmund Burke: Father of modern conservatism.
- Joseph de Maistre: Counter-Enlightenment proponent.
- Russell Kirk: Outlined conservative canons.
- Vladimir Putin: Modern example in Russia.
- Margaret Thatcher: Neoliberal reforms in the UK.
#### Notable Variants
- Authoritarian conservatism: Absolute authority with nationalism.
- Liberal conservatism: Free markets with strong state for order.
- National conservatism: Defends cultural identity and limited immigration.
- Paternalistic conservatism: Obligations to the less fortunate.
- Progressive conservatism: In the US and Canada, incorporating moderate reforms.
#### Criticisms or Controversies
Criticized as situational, defending inequality, and linked to authoritarianism or fascism in some variants. Reactionary elements are stigmatized as negative.