Nationalism

#### Definition
Nationalism is an ideology that holds the nation should be congruent with the state, promoting sovereignty, self-determination, and a unified national identity.

#### Core Principles
- National unity and identity: Shared culture, language, and history.
- Self-determination and sovereignty: Freedom from external interference.
- Political power from the nation.

#### Historical Origins and Development
Emerged in the late 18th century with the French Revolution. Developed through modernization and ethnosymbolism theories.

#### Key Thinkers or Figures
- Johann Gottfried Herder: Nationality and patriotism.
- Anthony D. Smith: Ethnosymbolism.
- Ernest Renan: Nation as daily referendum.

#### Notable Variants
- Ethnic nationalism: Shared ancestry.
- Civic nationalism: Shared political rights.
- Anti-colonial nationalism: Liberation struggles.

#### Criticisms or Controversies
Criticized for exclusion, violence, and causing wars; seen as imagined communities.