#### Definition
Social democracy is a political, social, and economic philosophy within socialism that supports political and economic democracy, emphasizing a welfare state, social justice, and a regulated market economy. It seeks to reform capitalism to align with ethical ideals of equality and solidarity through democratic means.
#### Core Principles
- Democratic governance with a focus on representative and participatory democracy.
- Social equality and justice, aiming to eliminate poverty, oppression, and discrimination.
- Economic regulation through income redistribution, market intervention, and a mixed economy.
- Strong labor rights, including collective bargaining and co-determination.
- Welfare state providing universal public services like education, healthcare, and social security.
- Gradual reform rather than revolution, grounded in ethical and moral arguments.
#### Historical Origins and Development
Originating in the 19th-century labor movement, social democracy evolved from reformist socialism influenced by Ferdinand Lassalle and Karl Marx. It split from revolutionary socialism post-Russian Revolution, embracing Keynesianism and welfare states in the 20th century. Post-WWII, it dominated Western Europe but shifted to Third Way policies in the 1990s. In the 21st century, it resurged with anti-austerity movements.
#### Key Thinkers or Figures
- Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels: Foundational influences.
- Eduard Bernstein: Pioneer of revisionist Marxism and evolutionary socialism.
- Ferdinand Lassalle: Early reformist state socialist.
- Anthony Crosland: Advocated for welfare reforms within capitalism.
- Michael Harrington: Highlighted compromises between capitalism and socialism.
- Anthony Giddens: Associated with Third Way.
#### Notable Variants
- Third Way: Fuses economic liberalism with social democratic policies.
- Nordic Model: Welfare state with corporatist bargaining.
- Democratic Socialism: Overlaps, emphasizing mixed markets.
- Revisionist Marxism: Ethical and liberal socialism.
- Market Socialism: Changes in ownership over welfare focus.
#### Criticisms or Controversies
Criticized by leftists for reinforcing capitalism rather than replacing it, and by rightists as inefficient. The Third Way is accused of neoliberalism. Internal debates blur distinctions with democratic socialism, and its adaptation to neoliberalism eroded class politics in some regions.